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This textbook has been designed to meet the needs of B.Sc. First Semester students of Botany for the University of Lucknow under the recommended National Education Policy 2020. It comprehensively covers the theory and practical papers Diversity of Plant Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and Algae and Diversity of Microorganisms, respectively. The theory part of the text introduces the students to develop an understanding about the classification and diversity of plant viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae and lichens. It also discusses the role played by each group in the biosphere along with their economic importance. The practical part of the book helps the students identify the groups based on their morphological characteristics and also learn their pathogenic aspects. Relevant experiments corresponding to the theoretical topics and examples have been presented systematically to help students achieve sound conceptual understanding and learn the experimental procedures.